زيمرمان برقية

جدول زمني تفاعلي يعرض 19 حدثًا، واحدًا تلو الآخر. استخدم زري "السابق" و"التالي"، أو مفتاحي السهم الأيمن والأيسر، للتنقل بين الأحداث. يتيح لك شريط التنقل في الجدول الزمني أدناه الانتقال مباشرةً إلى أي حدث.

1. 5 أغسطس 1914

   German Communication Lines Cut

   A British cable ship cut Germany’s communication lines, five trans-Atlantic cables, and the six communication cables connecting Great Britain and Germany.

   

2. 13 أكتوبر 1914

   Codebooks Obtained by British Intelligence

   الألماني SMS Magdeburg, which fired the war’s first shots in the East, runs aground. Russians retrieve three German naval codebooks from the cruiser. One is given to British Intelligence, known as Room 40.
   
   Later in November, a German diplomacy and flag officer codebook was stolen from a diplomat’s luggage in the Near East and also given to Room 40.

3. 9 آذار، 1916

   Pancho Villa Raids New Mexico

   Francisco "Pancho" Villa, a revolutionary formally backed by the U.S. government, and an army of guerrillas raids and razes the town of Columbus, New Mexico, leaving 19 Americans dead.

   

4. 6 سبتمبر 1916

   Presidents Wilson and Carranza Convene a Joint High Commission

   After raids and increased public anger on both sides of the border, President Wilson and President Carranza convene a Joint High Commission in Connecticut to improve diplomatic relations between the two countries and negotiate the U.S. military presence in Mexico.

5. 25 تشرين الثاني، 1916

   Arthur Zimmermann becomes Germany’s foreign secretary

   

6. 9 كانون الثاني 1917

   Unrestricted Submarine Warfare to Resume

   Having suspended attacks in 1916 to avoid U.S. entry into the war, German officials decide to re-engage in حرب الغواصات غير المقيدة against all ships.

   “I command that unrestricted U-boat warfare shall be instituted with the utmost energy. You are forthwith to make all necessary preparations, but in such a way that this design does not become prematurely apparent to the enemy and to neutrals.”

   —Kaiser Wilhelm II, Orders to Admiralty Staff, January 9, 1917

7. 13 كانون الثاني 1917

   Proposed Alliance Drafted

   A proposal of an alliance with Mexico is drafted by Hans Arthur von Kemnitz, a German foreign office official.

8. 16 يناير 1917 — 20 يناير 1917

   تم نقل البرقية عبر العاصمة واشنطن، ثم إلى المكسيك

   Germany’s foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, cables the coded proposal to Germany’s Ambassador in Washington D.C., Count Johann Henrich von Bernstorff. Because of severed transatlantic lines, Germany must rely on neutral nations cable services and the message is routed through Copenhagen.
   
   
   The telegram reaches the German embassy in Washington D.C. on Jan. 19, and is then relayed to Mexico.

   

9. 31 كانون الثاني 1917

   U.S. Informed of Resumption of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

   The United States is informed of the German High Command order to resume unrestricted submarine warfare.

10. ٥ فبراير، ٢٠٢٤

    United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany

    United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany. President Woodrow Wilson tells a joint session of Congress that Germany’s policy of unrestricted U-boat warfare poses an unacceptable threat to “freedom of the seas.”

11. ٥ فبراير، ٢٠٢٤

    U.S. Troops Withdraw from Mexico

    The U.S. troops of the Punitive Expedition, after skirmishes with Carrancistas forces and successful diplomacy, withdraw from Mexico.

12. ٥ فبراير، ٢٠٢٤

    Zimmermann Telegram Decoded

    The British decode the intercepted message and discover the German proposal for an alliance with Mexico against the United States.

    

13. ٥ فبراير، ٢٠٢٤

    Germany and Mexico Discuss Telegram

    Heinrich von Eckardt, the German envoy to Mexico, discusses the telegram with Mexican foreign minister Cándido Aguilar.

14. February 23, 1917 — February 24, 1917

    Translated Telegram Reaches the U.S.; Mexico and Japan discuss the Proposal

    U.S. Ambassador Walter H. Page is provided a translation of the telegram on Feb. 23 and informed of Germany’s proposal to Mexico by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour. On Feb. 24, Ambassador Page sends the translation to U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing in Washington.
    
    Separately, Foreign Minister Aguilar asks a Japanese legation official in Mexico about Tokyo’s intentions regarding the German proposal.

    

15. ٥ فبراير، ٢٠٢٤

    U.S. Alerts Mexico and Japan to their Knowledge of Telegram

    The State Department instructs the U.S. Ambassador in Mexico to inform the Mexican government that the United States knows about the Zimmermann Telegram. Department counselor Frank Polk discusses the telegram with the Japanese ambassador in Washington.
    
    
    President Wilson asks Congress for emergency powers to arm merchant ships in response to German unrestricted submarine warfare.

    

16. ٥ فبراير، ٢٠٢٤

    Japan Will Not Defect From Allies

    A Japanese official informs Foreign Minister Aguilar that Japan has no intention of defection from the Allies, having declared war on Germany in August of 1914.

17. 1 آذار، 1917

    News Reaches the Public

    American newspapers begin publishing the accounts of the “Zimmerman Telegram.” Secretary of State Lansing asks Ambassador Page to verify the decoding of the Zimmermann Telegram because “some members of Congress are attempting to discredit Zimmermann’s message….”

    

18. 29 آذار، 1917

    Zimmermann Verifies Authenticity of Telegram

    Zimmermann delivers a speech to the Reichstag confirming the text of the telegram and putting an end to all speculation about its authenticity. By that time more U.S. ships had been torpedoed with heavy loss of life. In late March, Germany sank four more U.S. merchant ships.

19. 2 نيسان 1917

    President Wilson Asks for Declaration of War

    
    
    
    
    
    President Wilson, reelected in November 1916 supporting policies of neutrality, goes before a special session of Congress and asks for a declaration of war.